A globe is a three-dimensional scale model of Earth (terrestrial globe) or other spheroid celestial body such as a planet, star, or moon. It may also refer to a spherical representation of the celestial sphere, showing the apparent positions of the stars and constellations in the sky (celestial globe). The word "globe" comes from the Latin word ''globus'', meaning round mass or sphere.

Terrestrial and planetary

A globe is the only representation of the earth that does not distort either the shape or the size of large features; flat maps are created using a map projection that inevitably introduces an increasing amount of distortion the larger the area that the map shows. A typical scale for a terrestrial globe is roughly 1:40 million.

Sometimes a globe has surface texture showing topography; in these, elevations are exaggerated, otherwise they would be hardly visible. Most modern globes are also imprinted with parallels and meridians so that one can tell the approximate coordinates of a specific place. Globes provide the best view of Earth today.

Celestial

Celestial globes show the apparent positions of the stars in the sky. They omit the Sun, Moon and planets because the positions of these bodies vary relative to those of the stars, but the ecliptic, along which the Sun moves, is indicated.

A potential issue arises regarding the "handedness" of celestial globes. If the globe is constructed so that the stars are in the positions they actually occupy on the imaginary celestial sphere, then the star field will appear back-to-front on the surface of the globe (all the constellations will appear as their mirror images). This is because the view from Earth, positioned at the centre of the celestial sphere, is of the ''inside'' of the celestial sphere, whereas the celestial globe is viewed from the ''outside''. For this reason, celestial globes may be produced in mirror image, so that at least the constellations appear the "right way round". Some modern celestial globes address this problem by making the surface of the globe transparent. The stars can then be placed in their proper positions and viewed ''through'' the globe, so that the view is of the inside of the celestial sphere, as it is from Earth.

History

The sphericity of the Earth was established by Hellenistic astronomy in the 3rd century BC, and the earliest terrestrial globe appeared from that period. The earliest known example is the one constructed by Crates of Mallus in Cilicia (now Çukurova in modern-day Turkey), in the mid-2nd century BC.

No terrestrial globes from Antiquity or the Middle Ages have survived. An example of a surviving celestial globe is part of a Hellenistic sculpture, called the Farnese Atlas, surviving in a 2nd century AD Roman copy in the Naples Museum, Italy.

Early terrestrial globes depicting the entirety of the Old World were constructed in the Islamic Golden Age. One such example was constructed in the 9th century by Muslim geographers and cartographers working under the Abbasid caliph, Al-Ma'mun. Another example was the terrestrial globe introduced to Beijing by the Persian astronomer, Jamal ad-Din, in 1267.

The oldest surviving terrestrial globe is credited to Martin Behaim in Nuremberg, Germany, in 1492. A facsimile globe showing America was made by Martin Waldseemueller in 1507. Another early globe, the Hunt-Lenox Globe, ca. 1507, is thought to be the source of the phrase "Here be dragons". Another "remarkably modern-looking" terrestrial globe of the Earth was constructed by Taqi al-Din at the Istanbul observatory of Taqi al-Din during the 1570s.

An unusually high proportion of vintage 20th century world globes feature the Australian town of Birdum, which no longer exists but once held an important position at the end of the Northern Australian Railway.

Manufacture

Mass-produced globes are typically covered by a printed paper map. The most common type has long, thin gores (strips) of paper that narrow to a point at the North Pole and the South Pole. Then a small disk is used to paper over the inevitable irregularities at the poles. The more gores there are, the less stretching and crumpling is required to make the paper map fit the sphere. From a geometric point of view, all points on a sphere are equivalent – one could select any arbitrary point on the Earth, and create a paper map that covers the Earth with strips that come together at that point and the antipodal point.

A globe is usually mounted at a 23.5° angle on bearings. In addition to making it easy to use this mounting also represents the angle of the planet in relation to its sun and the spin of the planet. This makes it easy to visualize how days and seasons change.

Notable examples

The Unisphere in Queens, New York, at 120 feet (36.6 m) in diameter, is the world's largest global structure.

Eartha, currently the world's largest rotating globe ( in diameter), at the Delorme headquarters in Yarmouth, Maine The Mapparium, three-story, stained glass globe at the Mary Baker Eddy Library in Boston, which visitors walk through via a glass bridge. The Babson globe in Wellesley, Massachusetts, a globe which originally rotated on its axis and on its base to simulate day and night and the seasons

The giant globe in the lobby of The News Building in New York City.

The Hitler Globe, also known as the Führer globe, was formally named the Columbus Globe for State and Industry Leaders. Two editions existed during Hitler's lifetime, created during the mid-1930s on his orders. (The second edition changed the name of Abyssinia to Italian East Africa). These globes were "enormous" and very costly. According to the New York Times, "the real Columbus globe was nearly the size of a Volkswagen and, at the time, more expensive." Several still exist, including three in Berlin: one at a geographical institute, one at the Märkisches Museum, and another at the Deutsches Historisches Museum. The latter has a Soviet bullet hole through Germany. One of the two in public collections in Munich has an American bullet hole through Germany. There are several in private hands inside and out of Germany. A much smaller version of Hitler's globe was mocked by Charlie Chaplin in ''The Great Dictator'', a film released in 1940.

Gallery

See also

Armillary sphere

Cartography

Dymaxion map

Emery Molyneux

Google Earth

NASA World Wind

Johannes Schöner globe

Virtual globe

References

External links

ppmglobe - generate strips to glue onto a sphere

3D VRML globe

3D Java Globe with coastlines, parallels, meridians, etc.

Category:Map types

az:Qlobus bs:Globus bg:Глобус ca:Globus terraqüi cs:Glóbus da:Globus de:Globus et:Gloobus es:Globo terráqueo eo:Globuso fr:Globe planétaire ga:Cruinneog gl:Globo terráqueo ko:지구본 hy:Գլոբուս hr:Globus (svijet) id:Globe io:Globo it:Globo he:גלובוס ka:გლობუსი lv:Globuss lt:Gaublys ms:Glob nl:Globe ja:地球儀 no:Globus pl:Globus pt:Globo terrestre ru:Глобус scn:Crobbu simple:Globe sk:Glóbus sl:Globus sr:Глобус fi:Karttapallo sv:Jordglob tl:Globo tg:Глобус uk:Глобус zh:地球儀

Coordinates	41°52′55″N87°37′40″N
name	Angelina Jolie
birth name	Angelina Jolie Voight
birth date	June 04, 1965
birth place	Los Angeles, California, U.S.
occupation	Actress, director, humanitarian
years active	1982; 1991–present
spouse	Jonny Lee Miller (1996–1999)Billy Bob Thornton (2000–2003)
partner	Brad Pitt (2005–present)
children	6
parents	Jon Voight
relatives	James Haven (brother)Chip Taylor (uncle) }}

Headerstyle	background:#F0E68C;
Labelstyle	background:#ddf;
Datastyle	background:#DCDCDC;
Header1	Film awards
data2	{{Infobox | child yes | title Academy Awards | label1 | data1 | label2 2000 | data2 Best Supporting Actress }}

| data3 =

{{infobox | child	yes | title Golden Globe Awards | label1 1998 | data1 Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Movie | label2 1999 | data2 Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Movie | label3 2000 | data3 Best Supporting Actress - Motion Picture }}

| data4 =

{{infobox | child	yes | title Screen Actors Guild Awards | label1 1999 | data1 Outstanding Female Actor – Miniseries or Television Movie | label2 2000 | data2 Outstanding Supporting Female Actor }}

}}

Angelina Jolie ( , born Angelina Jolie Voight; June 4, 1965) is an American actress. She has received an Academy Award, two Screen Actors Guild Awards, and three Golden Globe Awards, and was named Hollywood's highest-paid actress by ''Forbes'' in 2009 and 2011. Jolie is noted for promoting humanitarian causes as a Goodwill Ambassador for the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). She has been cited as the world's "most beautiful" woman, a title for which she has received substantial media attention.—and received further critical acclaim for her performances in the dramas ''A Mighty Heart'' (2007) and ''Changeling'' (2008), which earned her a nomination for an Academy Award for Best Actress.

Divorced from actors Jonny Lee Miller and Billy Bob Thornton, Jolie now lives with actor Brad Pitt, in a relationship that has attracted worldwide media attention. Jolie and Pitt have three adopted children, Maddox, Pax, and Zahara, and three biological children, Shiloh, Knox, and Vivienne.

Early life and family

Born in Los Angeles, California, Jolie is the daughter of actors Jon Voight and Marcheline Bertrand. She is the sister of actor James Haven, niece of singer-songwriter Chip Taylor, and goddaughter of actors Jacqueline Bisset and Maximilian Schell. On her father's side, Jolie is of German and Slovak descent, and on her mother's side, she is of French Canadian, Dutch, and German ancestry. She has also claimed to be part Iroquois through her mother, although Voight has said that Bertrand was "not seriously Iroquois."

After her parents' separation in 1976, Jolie and her brother lived with their mother, who abandoned her acting ambitions to focus on raising her children. As a child, Jolie regularly saw movies with her mother and later explained that this had inspired her interest in acting; she had not been influenced by her father. When she was six years old, her mother and stepfather, filmmaker Bill Day, moved the family to Palisades, New York; they returned to Los Angeles five years later. She then decided she wanted to act and enrolled at the Lee Strasberg Theatre Institute, where she trained for two years and appeared in several stage productions.

At the age of 14, Jolie dropped out of her acting classes and aspired to become a funeral director. She began working as a fashion model, modeling mainly in Los Angeles, New York, and London. During this period, she wore black clothing, experimented with knife play, and went out moshing with her live-in boyfriend. Two years later, after the relationship had ended, she rented an apartment above a garage a few blocks from her mother's home.

Jolie suffered episodes of suicidal depression throughout her teens and early twenties. She also began experimenting with drugs; by the age of 20, she had tried "just about every drug possible," including heroin.

Jolie has had a difficult relationship with her father. Due to Voight's marital infidelity and the resulting breakup of her parents' marriage, she was estranged from her father for many years. They reconciled and he appeared with her in ''Lara Croft: Tomb Raider'' (2001), but their relationship again deteriorated. In August of that year, Voight claimed that his daughter had "serious mental problems" on ''Access Hollywood''. In response, Jolie released a statement in which she indicated that she no longer wished to pursue a relationship with her father. She stated that she did not want to publicize her reasons for their estrangement, but because she had adopted her son Maddox, she did not think it was healthy for her to associate with Voight. In 2009, Jolie again reconciled with her father after a seven-year estrangement.

Career

Early work: 1982; 1991–1997

When she was seven years old, Jolie had a small part in ''Lookin' to Get Out'' (1982), a movie co-written by and starring her father, Jon Voight. She committed to acting at the age of 16, but initially found it difficult to pass auditions, often being told that she was "too dark." The movie failed to make a profit at the box office, but developed a cult following after its video release.

She next appeared in the 1996 comedy ''Love Is All There Is'', a modern-day loose adaptation of ''Romeo and Juliet'' set among two rival Italian family restaurant owners in The Bronx, New York. In the road movie ''Mojave Moon'' (1996) she played a young woman who falls for Danny Aiello's middle-aged character, while he develops feelings for her mother, played by Anne Archer. That same year, Jolie also portrayed Margret "Legs" Sadovsky, one of five teenage girls who form an unlikely bond in the film ''Foxfire'' after they beat up a teacher who has sexually harassed them. The ''Los Angeles Times'' wrote about her performance, "It took a lot of hogwash to develop this character, but Jolie, Jon Voight's knockout daughter, has the presence to overcome the stereotype. Though the story is narrated by Maddy, Legs is the subject and the catalyst."

In 1997, Jolie starred with David Duchovny in the thriller ''Playing God'', set in the Los Angeles underworld. The movie was not received well by critics; Roger Ebert noted that "Angelina Jolie finds a certain warmth in a kind of role that is usually hard and aggressive; she seems too nice to be [a criminal's] girlfriend, and maybe she is." She then appeared in the television film ''True Women'' (1997), a historical romantic drama set in the American West and based on the book by Janice Woods Windle. That year, she also appeared as a stripper in the music video for "Anybody Seen My Baby?" by the Rolling Stones.

Breakthrough: 1998–2000

Jolie's career prospects began to improve after she won a Golden Globe Award for her performance in TNT's ''George Wallace'' (1997). She portrayed Cornelia Wallace, the second wife of Alabama Governor George Wallace, played by Gary Sinise. The film was very well-received by critics and won, among other awards, the Golden Globe Award for Best Miniseries or Television Film. Jolie also received an Emmy Award nomination for her performance.

In 1998, Jolie starred in HBO's ''Gia'', portraying supermodel Gia Carangi. The film chronicled the destruction of Carangi's life and career as a result of her addiction to heroin, and her decline and death from AIDS in the mid-1980s. Vanessa Vance from Reel.com noted, "Angelina Jolie gained wide recognition for her role as the titular Gia, and it's easy to see why. Jolie is fierce in her portrayal—filling the part with nerve, charm, and desperation—and her role in this film is quite possibly the most beautiful train wreck ever filmed." For the second consecutive year, Jolie won a Golden Globe Award and was nominated for an Emmy Award. She also won her first Screen Actors Guild Award.

In accordance with Lee Strasberg's method acting, Jolie preferred to stay in character in between scenes during many of her early films, and as a result had gained a reputation for being difficult to deal with. While shooting ''Gia'', she told her then-husband Jonny Lee Miller that she would not be able to phone him: "I'd tell him: 'I'm alone; I'm dying; I'm gay; I'm not going to see you for weeks.'" After ''Gia'' wrapped in 1997, Jolie announced that she had given up acting for good, because she felt that she had "nothing else to give." She separated from Miller and moved to New York, where she enrolled at New York University to study filmmaking and attend writing classes; she later described it as "just good for me to collect myself." Encouraged by her Golden Globe Award win for ''George Wallace'' and the positive critical reception of ''Gia'', she resumed her career. Jolie won the Breakthrough Performance Award from the National Board of Review of Motion Pictures.

In 1999, she starred in the comedy-drama ''Pushing Tin'', alongside John Cusack, Billy Bob Thornton, and Cate Blanchett. The film received a mixed reception from critics, and Jolie's character—Thornton's seductive wife—was particularly criticized. ''The Washington Post'' wrote, "Mary (Angelina Jolie) [is] a completely ludicrous writer's creation of a free-spirited woman who weeps over hibiscus plants that die, wears lots of turquoise rings and gets real lonely when Russell spends entire nights away from home." She then co-starred with Denzel Washington in ''The Bone Collector'' (1999), an adaptation of a crime novel by Jeffery Deaver. Jolie played a police officer haunted by her cop father's suicide, who reluctantly helps Washington track down a serial killer. The movie grossed $151 million worldwide, but was a critical failure. The ''Detroit Free Press'' concluded, "Jolie, while always delicious to look at, is simply and woefully miscast."

Jolie next took the supporting role of the sociopathic Lisa Rowe in ''Girl, Interrupted'' (1999), an adaptation of former mental patient Susanna Kaysen's memoir of the same name. While Winona Ryder played the main character in what was hoped to be a comeback for her, the film instead marked Jolie's final breakthrough in Hollywood. She won her third Golden Globe Award, her second Screen Actors Guild Award, and an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. ''Variety'' noted, "Jolie is excellent as the flamboyant, irresponsible girl who turns out to be far more instrumental than the doctors in Susanna's rehabilitation".

In 2000, Jolie appeared in her first summer blockbuster, ''Gone In 60 Seconds'', in which she played Sarah "Sway" Wayland, the ex-girlfriend of car thief Nicolas Cage. The role was small, and ''The Washington Post'' criticized that "all she does in this movie is stand around, cooling down, modeling those fleshy, pulsating muscle-tubes that nest so provocatively around her teeth." She later explained that the film had been a welcome relief after the emotionally heavy role of Lisa Rowe. It became her highest grossing movie up until then, earning $237 million internationally.

International success: 2001–present

Although highly regarded for her acting abilities, Jolie's films to date had often not appealed to a wide audience, but ''Lara Croft: Tomb Raider'' (2001) made her an international superstar. An adaptation of the popular ''Tomb Raider'' videogame, Jolie was required to learn a British accent and undergo extensive martial arts training to play the title role of Lara Croft. She was generally praised for her physical performance, but the movie generated mostly negative reviews. ''Slant'' commented, "Angelina Jolie was born to play Lara Croft but [director] Simon West makes her journey into a game of Frogger." The movie was an international success nonetheless, earning $275 million worldwide, and launched her global reputation as a female action star.

Jolie then starred opposite Antonio Banderas as his mail-order bride in ''Original Sin'' (2001), a thriller based on the novel ''Waltz into Darkness'' by Cornell Woolrich. The film was a major critical failure, with ''The New York Times'' noting, "The story plunges more precipitously than Ms. Jolie's neckline." In 2002, she starred in ''Life or Something Like It'' as an ambitious television reporter who is told that she will die in a week. The film was poorly received by critics, though Jolie's performance received positive reviews. CNN's Paul Clinton wrote, "Jolie is excellent in her role. Despite some of the ludicrous plot points in the middle of the film, this Academy Award-winning actress is exceedingly believable in her journey towards self-discovery and the true meaning of fulfilling life."

Jolie reprised her role as Lara Croft in ''Lara Croft Tomb Raider: The Cradle of Life'' (2003), which established her among Hollywood's highest-paid actresses. The sequel was not as lucrative as the original, earning $156 million at the international box office. She appeared in the music video for Korn's "Did My Time," which was used to promote the film. She next starred in ''Beyond Borders'' (2003), as a socialite who joins aid workers in Africa and Asia. The film reflected Jolie's real-life interest in promoting humanitarian relief, but it was critically and financially unsuccessful. The ''Los Angeles Times'' wrote, "Jolie, as she did in her Oscar-winning role in ''Girl, Interrupted'', can bring electricity and believability to roles that have a reality she can understand. She can also, witness the ''Lara Croft'' films, do acknowledged cartoons. But the limbo of a hybrid character, a badly written cardboard person in a fly-infested, blood-and-guts world, completely defeats her."

In 2004, Jolie starred alongside Ethan Hawke in the thriller ''Taking Lives''. She portrayed an FBI profiler summoned to help Montreal law enforcement hunt down a serial killer. The movie received mixed reviews and ''The Hollywood Reporter'' concluded, "Angelina Jolie plays a role that definitely feels like something she has already done, but she does add an unmistakable dash of excitement and glamour." She also provided the voice of the angelfish Lola in the DreamWorks animated movie ''Shark Tale'' (2004), and had a brief appearance in ''Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow'' (2004), a science fiction adventure film shot entirely with actors in front of a bluescreen. That same year, Jolie played Olympias in ''Alexander'', about the life of Alexander the Great. The film failed domestically, which director Oliver Stone attributed to disapproval of the depiction of Alexander's bisexuality, but it succeeded internationally, with revenue of $139 million outside the United States.

Jolie then starred opposite Brad Pitt in the 2005 action-comedy ''Mr. & Mrs. Smith'', which tells the story of a bored married couple, John and Jane Smith, who find out that they are both secret assassins. The film received mixed reviews, but was generally lauded for the chemistry between the two leads. The ''Star Tribune'' noted, "While the story feels haphazard, the movie gets by on gregarious charm, galloping energy and the stars' thermonuclear screen chemistry." The movie earned $478 million worldwide, making it one of the biggest hits of 2005.

Jolie next appeared in Robert De Niro's ''The Good Shepherd'' (2006), a film about the early history of the CIA, as seen through the eyes of Edward Wilson, an officer based on James Jesus Angleton and played by Matt Damon. Jolie played the supporting role of Margaret "Clover" Russell, Wilson's neglected wife. According to the ''Chicago Tribune'', "Jolie ages convincingly throughout, and is blithely unconcerned with how her brittle character is coming off in terms of audience sympathy."

In 2007, Jolie made her directorial debut with the documentary ''A Place in Time'', which captures daily life in 27 locations around the world during a single week. The film was screened at the Tribeca Film Festival and was intended for distribution to high schools through the National Education Association. Jolie then starred as Mariane Pearl in the documentary-style drama ''A Mighty Heart'' (2007). Based on Pearl's memoir of the same name, the film chronicles the kidnapping and murder of her husband, ''The Wall Street Journal'' reporter Daniel Pearl, in Pakistan. ''The Hollywood Reporter'' described Jolie's performance as "well-measured and moving," played "with respect and a firm grasp on a difficult accent." Jolie was nominated for a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award for her performance. She also played Grendel's mother in the animated epic ''Beowulf'' (2007), which was created through the motion capture technique.

Jolie co-starred alongside James McAvoy and Morgan Freeman in the 2008 action movie ''Wanted'', an adaptation of Mark Millar's graphic novel of the same name. The film received predominately favorable reviews and proved an international success, earning $342 million worldwide. She also provided the voice of Master Tigress in the DreamWorks animated movie ''Kung Fu Panda'' (2008). With revenue of $632 million internationally, it became her highest grossing film to date. That same year, Jolie took on the lead role in Clint Eastwood's drama ''Changeling'', which had its premiere at the Cannes Film Festival. Based in part on the Wineville Chicken Coop Murders, the film stars Jolie as Christine Collins, who is reunited with her kidnapped son in 1928 Los Angeles—only to realize the boy is an impostor. The ''Chicago Tribune'' noted, "Jolie really shines in the calm before the storm, the scenes [...] when one patronizing male authority figure after another belittles her at their peril." Jolie received nominations for an Academy Award, a Golden Globe Award, a Screen Actors Guild Award, and a BAFTA Award.

Jolie next starred in the 2010 thriller ''Salt'', her first film in two years. She starred alongside Liev Schreiber as CIA agent Evelyn Salt, who goes on the run after she is accused of being a KGB sleeper agent. Originally written as male, the character Salt underwent a gender change after a Colombia Pictures executive suggested Jolie for the role to director Phillip Noyce. The film was an international success with revenue of $294 million. It received mixed to positive reviews, with Jolie's performance earning praise; ''Empire'' remarked, "When it comes to selling incredible, crazy, death-defying antics, Jolie has few peers in the action business." She also starred opposite Johnny Depp in ''The Tourist'' (2010), which was a major critical failure. Peter Travers wrote, "Depp and Jolie hit career lows, producing the chemistry of high-fashion zombies." After a slow start at the domestic box office, the film went on to gross $278 million worldwide. Jolie received a controversial Golden Globe Award nomination, which was speculated to have been given merely to ensure her high-profile presence at the awards ceremony.

In 2011, Jolie reprised her voice role as Master Tigress in the animated DreamWorks sequel ''Kung Fu Panda 2''. It surpassed the original as her highest grossing film to date, earning $663 million at the international box office. She will also make her directorial feature debut with ''In the Land of Blood and Honey'' (2011), a love story set during the Bosnian War. The film was shot in October 2010 using local actors and is scheduled for release in December.

Humanitarian work

Jolie first became personally aware of worldwide humanitarian crises while filming ''Lara Croft: Tomb Raider'' (2001) in Cambodia. She contacted the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) for information on international trouble spots. To learn more about the conditions in these areas, Jolie began visiting refugee camps around the world. In February 2001, she went on her first field visit, an 18-day mission to Sierra Leone and Tanzania; she later expressed her shock at what she had witnessed. In the following months, she returned to Cambodia for two weeks and met with Afghan refugees in Pakistan. She covered all costs related to her missions and shared the same rudimentary working and living conditions as UNHCR field staff on all of her visits. Jolie was named a UNHCR Goodwill Ambassador at UNHCR headquarters in Geneva on August 27, 2001.

Since then, Jolie has been on field missions around the world and met with refugees and internally displaced persons in more than 30 countries. Asked what she hoped to accomplish, she stated, "Awareness of the plight of these people. I think they should be commended for what they have survived, not looked down upon." Jolie aims to visit what she terms "forgotten emergencies," crises that media attention has shifted away from. She is noted for not shying away from traveling to areas that are at war: she visited the Darfur region of Sudan during the Darfur conflict in 2004; Chad during its civil war in 2007; Iraq during the Second Gulf War in 2007 and 2009; Afghanistan during the ongoing war in 2008 and 2011; and Libya during the Libyan revolution in 2011.

In addition to her field missions, Jolie uses her public profile to promote humanitarian causes through the mass media. Her early field visits were chronicled in her book ''Notes from My Travels'', which was published in conjunction with the release of her film ''Beyond Borders'' (2003). She filmed a 2005 MTV special, ''The Diary of Angelina Jolie & Dr. Jeffrey Sachs in Africa'', portraying her and noted economist Dr. Jeffrey Sachs on a trip to a remote group of villages in Western Kenya. Jolie has also regularly released public service announcements promoting World Refugee Day and other causes.

Over time, Jolie became more involved in promoting humanitarian causes on a political level. She has regularly attended World Refugee Day in Washington, D.C., and she was an invited speaker at the World Economic Forum in Davos in 2005 and 2006. She also began lobbying humanitarian interests in the U.S. capital, where she met with members of Congress at least 20 times between 2003 and 2006, during which she pushed for several bills to aid refugees and vulnerable children in the Third World and the United States. She explained in 2006, "As much as I would love to never have to visit Washington, that's the way to move the ball." In 2007, she became a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.

Jolie has established several charitable organizations. In 2003, she founded the Maddox Jolie-Pitt Foundation—named the Maddox Jolie Project until 2007—which is dedicated to community development and environmental conservation in Cambodia's northwestern province Battambang. In 2006, she partnered with the Global Health Committee to establish the Maddox Chivan Children's Center, a daycare facility for children afflicted and affected by HIV in the Cambodian capital Phnom Penh. That same year, she and her partner Brad Pitt founded the Jolie-Pitt Foundation to aid humanitarian causes worldwide. In 2007, Jolie and noted economist Dr. Gene Sperling founded the Education Partnership for Children of Conflict, which funds education programs for children affected by man-made or natural disasters. In 2008, she collaborated with the Microsoft Corporation to establish Kids in Need of Defense, which provides free legal counsel to unaccompanied immigrant children in the U.S.

Jolie has received wide recognition for her humanitarian work. In 2003, she was the first recipient of the Citizen of the World Award by the United Nations Correspondents Association, and in 2005, she was awarded the Global Humanitarian Award by the UNA-USA. King Norodom Sihamoni awarded Jolie Cambodian citizenship for her conservation work in the country on July 31, 2005. In 2007, Jolie received the Freedom Award by the International Rescue Committee.

Personal life

Relationships

Jolie had a serious boyfriend for two years from the age of 14. They lived together in her mother's home, of which she has said, "He was my first boyfriend at a time when I wanted to be promiscuous and was starting to be sexual. We were in my bedroom, in my environment, where I was most comfortable and I wasn't in danger." She later compared the relationship to a marriage in its emotional intensity, and said that the breakup compelled her to dedicate herself to her acting career at the age of 16.

During filming of ''Hackers'' (1995), Jolie had a romance with British actor Jonny Lee Miller, her first lover since the relationship in her early teens. Jolie and Miller separated in September 1997 and divorced on February 3, 1999. They remained on good terms, and Jolie later explained, "It comes down to timing. I think he's the greatest husband a girl could ask for. I'll always love him, we were simply too young."

Jolie had a brief relationship with model-actress Jenny Shimizu on the set of ''Foxfire'' (1996). She later said, "I would probably have married Jenny if I hadn't married my husband. I fell in love with her the first second I saw her." Shimizu claimed in 2005 that her relationship with Jolie had lasted many years and continued even while Jolie was romantically involved with other people. In 2003, asked if she was bisexual, Jolie responded, "Of course. If I fell in love with a woman tomorrow, would I feel that it's okay to want to kiss and touch her? If I fell in love with her? Absolutely! Yes!"

After a two-month courtship, Jolie married actor Billy Bob Thornton on May 5, 2000 in Las Vegas. They met on the set of ''Pushing Tin'' (1999), but did not pursue a relationship at that time as Thornton was engaged to actress Laura Dern. As a result of their frequent public declarations of passion and gestures of love—most famously wearing one another's blood in vials around their necks—their marriage became a favorite topic of the entertainment media. Jolie and Thornton announced the adoption of a son from Cambodia in March 2002, but abruptly separated three months later. Their divorce was finalized on May 27, 2003. Asked about the sudden dissolution of their marriage, Jolie stated, "It took me by surprise, too, because overnight, we totally changed. I think one day we had just nothing in common. And it's scary but... I think it can happen when you get involved and you don't know yourself yet."

In early 2005, Jolie was involved in a well-publicized Hollywood scandal when she was accused of being the reason for the divorce of actors Brad Pitt and Jennifer Aniston. She and Pitt were alleged to have started an affair during filming of ''Mr. & Mrs. Smith'' (2005). She denied this on several occasions, but later admitted that they "fell in love" on the set. She explained in 2005, "To be intimate with a married man, when my own father cheated on my mother, is not something I could forgive. I could not look at myself in the morning if I did that. I wouldn't be attracted to a man who would cheat on his wife." The couple—dubbed "Brangelina" by the entertainment media—are the subject of worldwide media coverage.

Children

On March 10, 2002, Jolie adopted her first child, seven-month-old Maddox Chivan, from an orphanage in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. He was born as Rath Vibol on August 5, 2001 in a local village. Jolie applied for adoption after she had visited Cambodia twice, while filming ''Lara Croft: Tomb Raider'' (2001) and on a UNHCR field mission. The adoption process was halted in December 2001 when the U.S. government banned adoptions from Cambodia amid allegations of child trafficking. Once the adoption was finalized, she took custody of Maddox in Namibia, where she was filming ''Beyond Borders'' (2003). Although Jolie and her then-husband Billy Bob Thornton announced the adoption together, she in fact adopted Maddox as a single parent.

Jolie adopted a daughter, six-month-old Zahara Marley, from an orphanage in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia on July 6, 2005. Zahara was born as Yemsrach on January 8, 2005 in Awasa. At the time of the adoption, Zahara was wrongly believed to be an AIDS orphan and it was unknown whether she herself was HIV positive, but she later tested negative. Shortly after they returned to the United States, Zahara was hospitalized for dehydration and malnutrition. In November 2007, media outlets reported that Zahara's biological mother wanted her daughter back, but she denied these reports, saying she thought Zahara was "very fortunate" to have been adopted by Jolie.

Jolie was accompanied by her partner Brad Pitt when she traveled to Ethiopia to collect Zahara. She later indicated that she and Pitt had made the decision to adopt from Ethiopia together. In December 2005, Pitt's publicist announced that Pitt was seeking to adopt Maddox and Zahara. To reflect this, Jolie filed a request to legally change her children's surnames from Jolie to Jolie-Pitt, which was granted on January 19, 2006. The adoptions were finalized soon after.

In an attempt to avoid the media frenzy surrounding their relationship, Jolie and Pitt went to Namibia for the birth of their first biological child. On May 27, 2006, Jolie gave birth to a daughter, Shiloh Nouvel, in Swakopmund. Pitt confirmed that their newborn daughter would have a Namibian passport. The couple decided to sell the first pictures of Shiloh through the distributor Getty Images themselves, rather than allowing paparazzi to make these valuable photographs. ''People'' paid a reported $4.1 million for the North American rights, while ''Hello!'' obtained the British rights for a reported $3.5 million. All profits were donated to charities serving African children.

On March 15, 2007, Jolie adopted a son, three-year-old Pax Thien, from an orphanage in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Jolie adopted Pax as a single parent, because Vietnam's adoption regulations do not allow unmarried couples to co-adopt. The rights for the first post-adoption images of Pax were sold to ''People'' for a reported $2 million, as well as to ''Hello!'' for an undisclosed amount. In April, Jolie filed a request to legally change her son's surname from Jolie to Jolie-Pitt, which was approved on May 31, 2007. Pitt's adoption of Pax was finalized in the United States on February 21, 2008.

At the Cannes Film Festival in May 2008, Jolie confirmed that she was expecting twins. For the two weeks she spent in a seaside hospital in Nice, France, reporters and photographers camped outside on the promenade. She gave birth to a son, Knox Léon, and a daughter, Vivienne Marcheline, on July 12, 2008. The rights for the first images of Knox and Vivienne were jointly sold to ''People'' and ''Hello!'' for a reported $14 million—the most expensive celebrity pictures ever taken. The proceeds were donated to the Jolie-Pitt Foundation.

In the media

During the first decade of her career, Jolie—who does not employ a publicist or an agent—maintained a "wild child" persona in her communication with the media. She openly discussed her love life, including her bisexuality and her interest in BDSM. After she kissed her brother during the Academy Awards in 2000, their close relationship became the subject of tabloid media speculation, which she dismissed. She spoke about her experiences with drugs and depression, and recalled the time, in 1997, when she almost hired a hitman to kill her, as well as the three days, just before her marriage to Billy Bob Thornton, that she was sectioned at UCLA's psychiatric ward. ''Esquire'' in 2004, American ''FHM'' and British ''Harper's Bazaar'' in 2005, ''People'' and ''Hello!'' in 2006, ''Empire'' in 2007, and ''Vanity Fair'' in 2009. Jolie's extensive collection of tattoos has often been addressed by interviewers. She has fourteen known tattoos, among which the Latin proverb "quod me nutrit me destruit" (what nourishes me destroys me), the Tennessee Williams quote "A prayer for the wild at heart, kept in cages," two sak yant designs featuring a prayer of protection and a twelve-inch-by-eight-inch tiger, and six sets of geographical coordinates indicating the origins of her children. Over time, she has covered or lasered several of her tattoos, including the name of her second husband, "Billy Bob", and the Chinese characters "死" (death) and "勇" (courage).

Today, Jolie is one of the best-known celebrities around the world. According to the Q Score, in 2000, subsequent to her Oscar win, 31% of respondents in the United States said Jolie was familiar to them; by 2006 she was familiar to 81% of Americans. In a 2006 global industry survey by ACNielsen in 42 international markets, Jolie, together with her partner Brad Pitt, was found to be the favorite celebrity endorser for brands and products worldwide. She was the face of St. John and Shiseido from 2006 to 2008, and in 2011 had an endorsement deal with Louis Vuitton reportedly worth $10 million—a record for a single advertising campaign. She was among the ''Time'' 100, a list of the most influential people in the world as assembled by ''Time'', in 2006 and 2008. ''Forbes'' named her Hollywood's highest-paid actress in 2009 and 2011, with estimated annual earnings of $27 million and $30 million respectively, and she topped the magazine's Celebrity 100, a ranking of the world's most powerful celebrities, in 2009.

Filmography

+ Actor
Title	Year	Role	Notes
''Lookin' to Get Out''	1982	Tosh	As Angelina Jolie Voight
''Cyborg 2''	1993	Casella "Cash" Reese
''Without Evidence''	1995	Jodie Swearingen
! scope="row"	1995	Kate "Acid Burn" Libby
''Love Is All There Is''	1996	Gina Malacici
''Mojave Moon''	1996	Eleanor "Elie" Rigby
! scope="row"	1996	Margret "Legs" Sadovsky
''True Women''	1997	Georgia Virginia Lawshe Woods	TV film
! scope="row"	1997	Cornelia Wallace	TV film	1997	Claire
''[[Gia">Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film
! scope="row"	1997	Claire
''[[Gia''	1998		TV film	1998	Gloria McNeary
''[[Playing by Heart">Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film
! scope="row"	1998	Gloria McNeary
''[[Playing by Heart''	1998	Joan
''Pushing Tin''	1999	Mary Bell
''''	1999	Amelia Donaghy
! scope="row"	1999	Lisa Rowe		2000	Sara "Sway" Wayland
''[[Lara Croft: Tomb Raider">Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress
! scope="row"	2000	Sara "Sway" Wayland
''[[Lara Croft: Tomb Raider''	2001	Lara Croft
! scope="row"	2001	Julia "Bonny Castle" Russell
''Life or Something Like It''	2002	Lanie Kerrigan
''Lara Croft Tomb Raider: The Cradle of Life''	2003	Lara Croft
''Beyond Borders''	2003	Sarah Jordan
! scope="row"	2004	Illeana Scott
''Shark Tale''	2004	Lola	Voice
''Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow''	2004	Francesca "Franky" Cook
! scope="row"	2004	Olympias
! scope="row"	2005	Jane Smith	MTV Movie Award for Best FightNominated—MTV Movie Award for Best KissNominated—People's Choice Award for Favorite Female Action StarNominated—People's Choice Award for Favorite Female Movie StarNominated—People's Choice Award for Favorite On-Screen Match-Up
''''	2006	Margaret "Clover" Russell
''''	2007	Mariane Pearl		2007	[[Grendel's mother">Santa Barbara International Film Festival
! scope="row"	2007	[[Grendel's mother	Nominated—MTV Movie Award for Best Villain
''Kung Fu Panda''	2008		Voice
! scope="row"	2008	Fox	People's Choice Award for Favorite Female Action StarNominated—MTV Movie Award for Best Female PerformanceNominated—MTV Movie Award for Best KissNominated—MTV Movie Award for Best WTF MomentNominated—People's Choice Award for Favorite Female Movie Star
! scope="row"	2008	Christine Collins	Saturn Award for Best ActressNominated—	2010	Evelyn Salt	Nominated—[[37th People's Choice Awards
''''	2010	Elise Clifton-Ward
''[[Kung Fu Panda 2">Academy Award for Best Actress
! scope="row"	2010	Evelyn Salt	Nominated—[[37th People's Choice Awards
''''	2010	Elise Clifton-Ward
''[[Kung Fu Panda 2''	2011	Master Tigress	Voice

+ Director, producer, writer
Title	Year	Role	Notes
''Lovesick''	2005	Producer
''Trudell''	2005	Executive producer	Documentary
''A Place in Time''	2007	Director	Documentary
''In the Land of Blood and Honey''	2011	Director, writer	Post-production

Selected awards

Year	Award	Category	Film	Result
1998	Emmy Award
1998	Golden Globe Award		''George Wallace''
1998		Breakthrough Performance	''Playing by Heart''
1998	Emmy Award		''Gia''
1999	Golden Globe Award		''Gia''
1999	Screen Actors Guild Award		''Gia''
2000	Academy Award
2000	Golden Globe Award		''Girl, Interrupted''
2000	Screen Actors Guild Award		''Girl, Interrupted''
2008	Golden Globe Award		''''
2008	Screen Actors Guild Award		''''
2009	Academy Award
2009	BAFTA Award		''Changeling''
2009	Golden Globe Award	Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama	''Changeling''
2009	Screen Actors Guild Award	Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role	''Changeling''
2011	Golden Globe Award

Bibliography

''Notes from My Travels''. Pocket Books. 2003. ISBN 0-7434-7023-0.

"Justice for Darfur". ''The Washington Post''. February 28, 2007.

"A Year for Accountability". ''The Economist''. November 15, 2007.

"The 2009 TIME 100: Somaly Mam". ''Time''. April 30, 2009.

"The Case Against Omar al-Bashir". ''Time''. June 5, 2009.

"Justice Delayed Is Not Justice Denied". ''Newsweek''. December 10, 2009

References

Further reading

McFay, Edgar. ''Angelina Jolie: Angel in Disguise''. Icon Press, 2005. ISBN 1-894864-25-5.

Wolf, Naomi. "The Power of Angelina". ''Harper's Bazaar''. June 8, 2009.

External links

UNHCR Goodwill Ambassador Angelina Jolie, official homepage at UNHCR.org

Journey Through Eastern Congo, multimedia journal narrated by Jolie

Interviews with Angelina Jolie by Charlie Rose

Category:1975 births Category:Actors from Los Angeles, California Category:American aviators Category:American film actors Category:American film directors Category:American film producers Category:American humanitarians Category:American people of Dutch descent Category:American people of French-Canadian descent Category:American people of German descent Category:American people of Slovak descent Category:American voice actors Category:American writers Category:Best Miniseries or Television Movie Actress Golden Globe winners Category:Best Supporting Actress Academy Award winners Category:Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe (film) winners Category:Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe (television) winners Category:Bisexual actors Category:Female aviators Category:Female film directors Category:Lee Strasberg Theatre Institute alumni Category:LGBT people from the United States Category:Living people Category:Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie Screen Actors Guild Award winners Category:People of Iroquois descent Category:Saturn Award winners Category:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Goodwill Ambassadors

ar:أنجلينا جولي an:Angelina Jolie az:Ancelina Coli bn:অ্যাঞ্জেলিনা জোলি bg:Анджелина Джоли bo:ཨན་ཇེ་ལི་ནའ་ཇོའོ་ལི། bs:Angelina Jolie ca:Angelina Jolie cs:Angelina Jolie cy:Angelina Jolie da:Angelina Jolie de:Angelina Jolie et:Angelina Jolie el:Αντζελίνα Τζολί es:Angelina Jolie eo:Angelina Jolie eu:Angelina Jolie fa:آنجلینا جولی fo:Angelina Jolie fr:Angelina Jolie fy:Angelina Jolie ga:Angelina Jolie gl:Angelina Jolie ko:안젤리나 졸리 hy:Անջելինա Ջոլի hi:एंजेलिना जोली hr:Angelina Jolie io:Angelina Jolie id:Angelina Jolie is:Angelina Jolie it:Angelina Jolie he:אנג'לינה ג'ולי jv:Angelina Jolie kn:ಏಂಜೆಲಿನಾ ಜೋಲೀ ka:ანჯელინა ჯოლი csb:Angelina Jolie sw:Angelina Jolie ku:Angelina Jolie la:Angelina Jolie lv:Andželīna Džolija lb:Angelina Jolie lt:Angelina Jolie hu:Angelina Jolie mk:Анџелина Џоли ml:ആഞ്ചലീന ജോളി mr:एंजेलिना जोली mzn:آنجلینا جولی ms:Angelina Jolie mn:Анжелина Жоли my:အင်ဂျလီနာ ဂျိုလီ nah:Angelina Jolie nl:Angelina Jolie ja:アンジェリーナ・ジョリー no:Angelina Jolie oc:Angelina Jolie uz:Angelina Jolie pnb:انجلینا جولی ps:انجلينا جولي km:អែន​ជេ​លីណា ចូលី​ pl:Angelina Jolie pt:Angelina Jolie ro:Angelina Jolie ru:Джоли, Анджелина sq:Angelina Jolie simple:Angelina Jolie sk:Angelina Jolieová sl:Angelina Jolie ckb:ئانجەلینا جولی sr:Анџелина Жоли sh:Angelina Jolie su:Angelina Jolie fi:Angelina Jolie sv:Angelina Jolie tl:Angelina Jolie ta:ஏஞ்சலினா ஜோலி te:ఆంజలీనా జోలీ th:แองเจลินา โจลี tr:Angelina Jolie uk:Анджеліна Джолі vi:Angelina Jolie wuu:安吉丽娜 yi:אנזשאלינא זשאולי yo:Angelina Jolie zh:安吉丽娜·朱莉

Coordinates	41°52′55″N87°37′40″N
birth date	July 30, 1950
birth place	New York City, New York, U.S.
occupation	Actor, musician
genre	Rock, Soft Rock
goldenraspberryawards	Worst Original Song1985 ''Rambo: First Blood Part II''for the song "Peace in Our Life"
years active	1976–present
parents	Frank Stallone Sr., Jackie Stallone
relatives	Sylvester Stallone (brother)Sage Stallone (nephew) }}

Frank P. Stallone, Jr. (born July 30, 1950) is an American actor, singer/guitarist and Golden Globe and Grammy Award-nominated songwriter. He has appeared in many Hollywood films and television. He is the younger brother of Sylvester Stallone.

Early life

Stallone was born in New York City. He is the younger brother of Sylvester Stallone and the son of Jacqueline "Jackie" Stallone (née Labofish), an astrologer, former dancer, and promoter of women's wrestling, and Frank Stallone, Sr., a hairdresser and an immigrant from Castellammare del Golfo (province of Trapani, Sicilia, Italy).

In his teen years he went to Lincoln High School in Northeast Philadelphia.

Career

1980s to 1990s

Stallone has worked as a singer in the tradition of American big band jazz and popular music, in a vocal style reminiscent of his idol Frank Sinatra. He tours with his own orchestra under conductor Paul Vesco, and has also worked with conductors Sammy Nestico and Billy May. Stallone has released a number of albums, including ''Day In Day Out'' with Sammy Nestico (1991; A1 Records: FSTCD1) and "Close Your Eyes" with Billy May (1996; Coolnote).

Stallone wrote and performed "Far From Over" for the 1983 film ''Staying Alive''. The song was released mid April 1983. The song peaked at #10 on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming his only major pop hit. The song was nominated for a Golden Globe award for Best Original Song from a Motion Picture and a Grammy Award for Best Album of Original Score Written for a Motion Picture or Television Special.

A self-titled album soon followed from RSO, in the style of 1980s pop. The album featured a slightly remixed (and abridged) version of "Far From Over" as well as the song, "Darlin'," which peaked at #81 on the Billboard Hot 100 in May 1984.

In the mid-1990s, Stallone became the subject of a running gag on ''Saturday Night Live'', during its "Weekend Update" segment hosted by Norm Macdonald. During each episode, Macdonald (at some point in the mock-newscast) would read a legitimate news headline, then would propose a question asking the cause of that news, which would always be answered by, "You guessed it—Frank Stallone." At that moment, a publicity photo of Stallone would appear on the screen behind Macdonald. Example:

2000s

Stallone is also an amateur boxer and appeared as a boxing consultant on the NBC reality television series ''The Contender'' in 2005. Frank Stallone has appeared on the Howard Stern Radio and TV show on several occasions. During one appearance on the Howard Stern Show, Frank Stallone had a boxing match with TV reporter Geraldo Rivera; Frank Stallone won the bout.

In 2008, he embarked on a tour with his own Frank Stallone Band, which features himself on lead vocals and rhythm guitar.

Stallone was a contestant on Hulk Hogan's Celebrity Championship Wrestling, a new reality competition series on CMT that follows 10 celebrity contestants as they are trained to be professional wrestlers. He was the second celebrity eliminated and was also eliminated in the second episode.

He has also appeared in a fourth season episode of ''Tim and Eric Awesome Show, Great Job!''..

During the 2009 second season of the ifc show "Z Rock" Frank Stallone is featured throughout the episode "mini Kiss".

In late 2009, he was added to the cast of '':The Smoking Gun Presents: World's Dumbest...'' on truTV.

Discography

''Let Me Be Frank With You'' (2010)

''Songs From the Saddle'' (2005)

''In Love In Vain'' (2003)

''Frankie and Billy'' (2002)

''Stallone on Stallone – By Request'' (2002)

''Full Circle'' (2000)

''Soft and Low'' (1999)

''Close Your Eyes'' (1993)

''Day in Day Out'' (1991)

''Frank Stallone'' (1985)

Singles

"Far From Over" (1983) (#10 Billboard Hot 100)

Filmography

''Z Rock'' (2009) .... Himself

''Tim and Eric Awesome Show, Great Job!'' (2009) .... Himself

''Fred Claus'' (2007) .... Himself

''Rocky Balboa'' (2006) .... diner patron

''Taken by Force'' (2006) (filming) .... Schultz

''Angels with Angles'' (2005) (post-production) .... Elvis Presley

''Hitters'' (2002) .... Spilotri

''Get Carter'' (2000) (cameo) .... guy at funeral

''Doublecross On Costa's Island'' (1997) .... Marty Moretti

''The Good Life'' (1997)

''Ground Rules'' (1997)

''Strange Wilderness'' (1997) .... Old Man

''Total Force'' (1997) .... Jack O'Hara

''Billy Lone Bear'' (1996)

''The Garbage Man'' (1996)

''Public Enemies'' (1996) .... Alvin Karpis

... aka ''Public Enemy #1''

''Lethal Cowboy'' (1995) .... Frank

''Taken Alive'' (1995) .... Marty Moretti

''Tombstone'' (1993) .... Ed Bailey

''Return of the Roller Blade Seven'' (1993) .... Black Knight

''The Legend of the Rollerblade Seven'' (1992) .... The Black Knight

''Hudson Hawk'' (1991) .... Cesar Mario

''The Roller Blade Seven'' (1991) .... Black Knight

''Terror in Beverly Hills'' (1991) .... Hack Stone

''Lethal Games'' (1990) .... Mac Richards

''Masque of the Red Death'' (1990) .... Duke

''Ten Little Indians'' (1989) .... Capt. Philip Lombard

... aka ''Death on Safari''

''Easy Kill'' (1989) .... Frank Davies/Alex Anderson

''Order of the Eagle'' (1989) .... Quill

''Prime Suspect'' (1989) .... Gene Chambers

''Heart of Midnight'' (1988) .... Ledray

''Killing Blue'' (1988) .... Jack Miskowski

... aka ''Midnight Cop ''

''Crossing the Mob'' (1988) (TV) .... Anthony D'Amato

''Fear'' (1988) ... Armitage

...aka ''Honor Betrayed''

''Take Two'' (1988) ... Ted

''Barfly'' (1987) .... Eddie

''Outlaw Force'' (1987) ... Grady Purella

''The Pink Chiquitas'' (1987) ... Tony Mareda Jr.

''Savage Harbor'' (1987) ... Joe

...aka ''Death Feud''

...aka ''Raggedy Anne''

...aka ''Slammers''

''W.A.R. Women Against Rape'' (1987) ... Walter Taggert

...aka ''Death Blow''

...aka ''I Will Dance on Your Grave: Lethal Victims''

''The Road to Freedom: L. Ron Hubbard and Friends'' ... Himself

''Rambo: First Blood Part II'' (1985) ... singer ("Peace In Our Life")

''Staying Alive'' (1983) ... Carl

''Hotline'' (1982) ... Barnie

''Rocky III'' (1982) ... singer

''Rocky II'' (1979) ... singer

''Paradise Alley'' (1978) ... singer

''Rocky'' (1976) ... streetcorner singer

References

External links

The Official Frank Stallone Website

Adam Carolla Interviews Frank Stallone, August 2009.

The Frank Effect

Tom Green Live interview with Frank Stallone

Category:1950 births Category:American film actors Category:American television actors Category:American male singers Category:Living people Category:Actors from New York City Category:American people of Italian descent

de:Frank Stallone fr:Frank Stallone it:Frank Stallone ja:フランク・スタローン no:Frank Stallone pl:Frank Stallone pt:Frank Stallone sv:Frank Stallone

Coordinates	41°52′55″N87°37′40″N
name	Snatam Kaur
alt	September 10, 2007, Snatam Kaur in Hockley, Birmingham, England.
background	solo_singer
birth date	1972
birth place	Trinidad, Colorado
genre	Mantra, Meditation, New Age, Female Vocalists
occupation	Musician
years active	2000–present
label	Spirit Voyage Records
website	http://www.snatamkaur.com
notable instruments	}}

Snatam Kaur Khalsa (,), born 1972 in Trinidad, Colorado), is an American singer and songwriter. She performs the Indian devotional music, kirtan and tours around the world as a peace activist. She lives in Española, New Mexico. Like all female Sikhs, she shares the name "Kaur", meaning "princess".

Early life and education

Her family moved to California when Snatam was two, living in Long Beach and Sacramento. When Snatam was six, the family went to India where her mother studied Kirtan. Snatam lived on a ranch near Bolinas, California until 8th grade and then moved to Mill Valley in 1986. During her childhood, she played kirtan with her mother in Sikh temples and at Sikh religious ceremonies. She attended Tamalpais High School in Mill Valley. While at Tam High, she played violin in the school orchestra and began songwriting. Bob Weir of the Grateful Dead coached her and her classmates before they performed her song ''Saving the Earth'' at an Earth Day concert in San Francisco on April 22, 1990.

Snatam was also active in social and environmental causes while in high school, serving as president of the social action club known as, "Students for Justice," in her Senior year. The club started a campus recycling program and organized environmental awareness programs. The club also led the effort to change the school mascot and sports team names from the Indians to the Red Tailed Hawk in 1989 and 1990 due to a speech given at the school by Sacheen Littlefeather.

After graduating from Tam, Snatam attended Mills College in Oakland, California, receiving a bachelors degree in biochemistry. She then returned to India, to study Kirtan under her mother's teacher, Bhai Hari Singh. In 1997, Kaur began a career as a food technologist with Peace Cereals in Eugene, Oregon.

Snatam's music

In 2000, Spirit Voyage Records founder GuruGanesha Singh welcomed the young artist to his label, and signed on as her manager and guitarist. Working with a sterling ensemble of talented musicians and the brilliant New Age music producer Thomas Barquee, Snatam has generated one critically acclaimed album after another, including the bestselling CDs Prem, Shanti, Grace, Anand, and Liberation's Door. “It seems to take nine months to make a new CD. It’s a creative and spiritual process. I bow my head and ask God, ‘What do you want to deliver?’ And the energy always comes through.” “Music is essential in my personal practice. It’s the core spiritual practice of Sikhs. Sacred music transports me to the experience of peace every time I sing and play. It’s my prayer that everyone who listens will experience that too. “My music is an offering to people of all faiths. Many of the words are in Gurumukhi, the sacred language of the Sikhs. This language was designed to provide healing just by listening to it or reciting it. “I play the harmonium, guitar and violin, but my main instrument is my voice. It’s the way I communicate with my Creator.”

The Celebrate Peace Tour

Snatam spends much of the year on the road, singing and teaching yoga wherever she’s invited. Sometimes the audiences are very large, other times they’re small. “My prayer is that of the 100 or 1000 people who come, every one of them will become a Nelson Mandela or a Mahatma Gandhi, that they—and we—will experience that level of unfolding of consciousness. “The purpose of our concerts is to create a beautiful experience, to offer people a chance to go deep within themselves and be uplifted from the inside out. The music allows them to experience the quietness within, a total sense of contentment and gratitude. “Sacred music can help people find peace inside themselves so they can express it outside themselves. It’s humbling but also empowering that our inner space absolutely does have an effect on the planet around us.”

Why is world peace such an important theme in Snatam’s mission? “Peace is something that requires people of all faiths to come together and understand each other. That became especially apparent after September 11th. It was a very sad time and also a scary time for everyone. People in the Sikh community wear turbans. In my home town, there was a lot of confusion, fear and anger directed toward anyone that looked like they might be of the same culture as those who brought about the 9/11 disaster. I became very active in reaching out to the interfaith community to create dialogue so that people could know who we were, that Sikhs stand for peace. Sikhs believe in peace through strength. Don’t be afraid of anyone and don’t make anyone afraid of you.” “I also do community service to connect with everyone in the communities we visit, not only the people who come to our concerts,” Snatam says.

Her Celebrate Peace world tour includes stops at schools, hospices, juvenile detention centers, and other facilities where her music can help to heal and inspire. “We reach out to children through our free Children’s Peace Hour, which serves many children in underprivileged communities.” Snatam is a Peace Ambassador working through a United Nations NGO (non-governmental organization) called the 3HO Foundation (the three H’s stand for “happy, healthy, holy”). Snatam uses her public programs as an opportunity to educate audiences about the importance of mutual understanding and respect in these troubled times.

On tour, Snatam is joined by her longtime musical partner GuruGanesha Singh who exudes joy and warmth with his guitar and vocals. She also travels with her husband Sopurkh Singh who serves as her manager, and their new baby daughter Jap Preet Kaur.

Kundalini yoga

“A man came up to us after a concert and asked when we were coming back,” Snatam remembers. “I said I’m coming back in a year, and that made him really sad. He didn’t think he could wait that long to feel so good again! “Yoga is the tool you can use on a daily basis so you don’t have to be dependent on our concert our anyone else’s.”

Snatam offers tools for maintaining a balanced and loving internal state with her “Creating Inner Peace through Kundalini Yoga and Meditation” workshops. These classes provide instruction in the technology of Kundalini as taught by Yogi Bhajan. Chanting is an essential part of the Kundalini Yoga practice. “There’s an actual yogic and scientific effect that happens when you sit with a straight spine and chant,” Snatam says. “The energy rises through the spinal cord to the top of the head and there the tenth gate opens, which is the connection with the Infinite. “ By chanting at home, and practicing Kundalini Yoga, anyone can stay tapped into the bliss they experience at Snatam’s concerts all year long.

Sikh influence

The essence of being a Sikh is that one lives one’s life according to the teachings of the Sikh Gurus, devoting time to meditating on God and the scriptures, chanting, and living life in a way that benefits other people and the world. Sikhism emphasizes the truth that everyone is equal in God’s eyes whatever their social status, religious beliefs, or gender. Sikhs do not believe that any one religion has a monopoly on the truth and do not regard their traditions and practices as the only way to God.

Sikhism is a dynamic world religion that began in India in the mid-fifteenth century with the enlightened master Guru Nanak (1469-1539 C.E.). Guru Nanak was followed by nine Gurus, each of whom brought a unique gift to the planet. From the message of universal acceptance of all human beings that Guru Nanak brought, to the great warrior spirit of the tenth Guru, Guru Gobind Singh, Sikhs were given a great example of how to live an exalted life; in a sense creating heaven on earth. Sikhs are householders, practice meditation on a daily basis, keep a vegetarian diet, keep their hair unshorn, and wear the Sikh clothing (most notably the turban).

Snatam’s own teacher was Yogi Bhajan(1929-2004). He was the most influential Sikh in American history, helping promote the Sikh tradition in the West. Upon his passing religious and political leaders recognized him and honored him. The Dalai Lama called him a saint, and the US Congress passed a resolution honoring him for his outstanding contribution not only to Sikhs but to people of all walks of life. Sikhs are known for their service to people of all walks of life through their free kitchen programs called “langar”. When the emperor of India came to seek the advice of the third Guru, Guru Amar Das, he was asked to eat the langar, and was given a place to sit that happened to be next to a beggar who was also partaking of the community meal. The emperor was actually inspired by the experience. Through the langar program, and the message of Guru Nanak “Ek Ong Kaar,” which means the One God is the Creator within all beings, Sikhism contributed greatly to breaking down the caste system in India.

Sikhism is based on the Shabad Guru. “Shabad is the sacred energy or recitation of sound, and Guru means the living teacher,” Snatam explains. “For Sikhs, our living Guru exists within the sacred words of our tradition. As part of our daily practice we take a sacred divine reading from the Siri Guru Granth Sahib, which is a collection of writings from enlightened teachers and sages in India. It includes the Sikh Gurus, but also incorporates saints from other traditions. These sacred poems were originally sung in specific notes, and have been passed down to us exactly as the words were originally recited by our Gurus. “The energy of these songs are alive and gives us healing and guidance. The living presence of the Guru through sound is our foundation. We really feel the Shabad Guru has blessed our lives, and when we sing it, it affects our physical body and our environment. The reason we practice it every day is so we can create within us that resonance of peace, and then go out into the world with that resonance still supporting our words, and still in our thoughts, and still creating the light around us.”

Personal life

Today Snatam lives in Espanola, New Mexico with her husband Sopurkh Singh Khalsa and their baby daughter Jap Preet Kaur. “My husband was the answer to my prayers. One day at the Winter Solstice gathering I went to the Gurdwara (Sikh temple) to pray to God and Guru to find me a husband. I said to God just before opening the doors to the Gurdwara, ‘I can’t find anyone. I surrender this to you.’ When I walked over the threshold I saw that Sopurkh was the only other person sitting in the Gurudwara. He was meditating and looked absolutely peaceful and radiant.” They were married in January 2006.

“He’s a steady spiritual rock for me and my music. And now my daughter is the answer to the prayers I never knew that I had. She is full of love light and joy, and we are so blessed to have her presence in our lives and to be able to serve her in any way we can."

What does Snatam do when she’s not teaching or singing? “Every day I do yoga and meditation with my husband and daughter. That’s key for me. My spiritual practice doesn’t falter even when we're on tour. It’s a total time of connection and rejuvenation. “I’m continuing to study Indian classical music. I spend a lot of time on that. I also absolutely love to cook and explore new recipes. The first place we go when we get home from a tour is to the grocery store, so we can cook a meal! “We also love to be outside. We have a huge garden—we like to hike and to garden. Someone told me, ‘A great way to see the planet is to walk.’ We walk a lot! "We also have a lot of play dates with other children here in our community. It is really wonderful how many children there are for Jap Preet to play with. We are really blessed to live here in Espanola, New Mexico in the spiritual community affectionately called "Hacienda de Guru Ram Das."

“It seems that there will be more recording opportunities. So, I intend to always keep growing in the art of Gurubani Sikh music.”

References and notes

External links

Official website

Snatam Kaur discography at Music City

Category:Living people Category:American Sikhs Category:Indian classical musicians Category:1972 births

de:Snatam Kaur fr:Snatam Kaur gl:Snatam Kaur pl:Snatam Kaur